U.S. imports from Algeria grew from $4.7 billion in 2002 to $10.8 billion in 2005, primarily in oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). organized as annexes. Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. )proven reserves: 59 million metric tons (2019 est. Those determined by UNHCR to have valid refugee claims were primarily from the DRC, Cote dIvoire, Iraq, and the Central African Republic. The Ministry of Labor audited 218 organizations and found that 89 companies did not respect the 1-percent quota. )note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports. According to Belhouchet, the government has a monopoly on advertising that it uses to punish those who criticize the government and thus, weakens freedom of expression. and Guelma. Defendants have the right to be present during their trial but may be tried in absentia if they do not respond to a summons ordering their appearance. The government affirmed there were 101 registered trade unions and employers organizations. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). The law provides sentences of six months to five years in prison and fines between DZD 50,000 and DZD 500,000 ($425 and $4,252) for users who do not comply with the law, including the obligation to cooperate with law enforcement authorities against cybercrime. NGOs also indicated that some migrants were denied treatment at healthcare facilities. The law permits polygamy only upon the agreement of the previous and future wife, and the determination of a judge as to the husbands financial ability to support an additional wife. )12.55% (2020 est. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, Office of International Religious Freedom, Office of the Special Envoy To Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Office of the Science and Technology Adviser, Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services, Bureau of Information Resource Management, Office of Management Strategy and Solutions, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, U.S. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. Restrictions on freedom of assembly and association as well as restrictions on political party activities inhibited the activity of opposition groups. While the government tolerated their operations in the past, the Ministry of Communication said in 2016 it would limit the number of private satellite channels to 13 and foreign-based unaccredited television outlets would be shut down. Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. important position as a lingua franca, and place names have continued to be written in the Roman alphabet using French The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Censorship or Content Restrictions: Some major news outlets faced direct and indirect retaliation for criticism of the government. The Ministry authorized the import of only 350 copies ofJeune Afriquefor delivery to various institutions. 1957-07-01: New department codes assigned to the thirteen departments. The constitution provides for the right of peaceful assembly, but the government continued to curtail this right. It changes the spelling of one province from According to the law, police must obtain a summons from the prosecutors office to require a suspect to appear in a police station for preliminary questioning. Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. These presidential appointments are not subject to legislative oversight but are reviewed by the High Judicial Council, which consists of the president, minister of justice, chief prosecutor of the Supreme Court, 10 judges, and six individuals outside the judiciary chosen by the president. The law mandates that online news outlets must inform the government of their activities but does not require them to request authorization to operate. The standard workweek was 40 hours, including one hour for lunch per day. Police typically dispersed protesters shortly after a protest began and arrested and detained organizers for a few hours. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Arabic al-Jazairiya from capital city Algiers, which comes from Arabic al-jaza`ir: the islands, for four Sexual Exploitation of Children: The law prohibits solicitation for prostitution and stipulates prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years when the offense is committed against a minor under age 18. The Islamic State Algeria Province After kidnapping a 55-year-old French mountaineering guide, Herv Gourdel, the group stated in a video on 22 September 2014, that the kidnapping was a fulfilling of an order of IS spokesman al-'Adnani to attack citizens of Many persons with disabilities faced challenges in voting due to voting centers that lacked accessible features. After Algeria, the second-largest state in Africa, has a Mediterranean coastline of about 998 kilometers (620 mi.). The Ministry of Culture reviewed the content of films before they could be shown, as well as books before importation. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. In July 2017 authorities freed Kamel Eddine Fekhar, a human rights activist. Authorities also use summonses to notify and require the accused and the victim to attend a court proceeding or hearing. The judiciary was not impartial and was perceived by some observers to be subject to influence and corruption. Activists reported that some postings on social media could result in arrest and questioning; observers widely understood that the intelligence services closely monitored the activities of political and human rights activists on social media sites, including Facebook. It was unclear whether authorities followed the law in all cases since local authorities had significant discretion and the government did not maintain nationwide statistics. In addition, six private domestic television channels, 12 foreign broadcasting channels, and one foreign radio stationthe BBCoperated throughout the year. The Ministry of Labor is responsible for enforcing child labor laws and refers violators to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. The law prohibits torture and prescribes prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years for government agents found guilty of torture. In all other criminal cases, pretrial detention may not exceed four months. A 2016 constitutional revision requires the president to consult with the parliamentary majority before appointing the prime minister. Furthermore, the government restricted union activities and the formation of independent unions in certain critical public services sectors, such as oil and gas and telecommunications. The Ministry of Justice said cell sizes exceeded international standards set by the United Nations Nelson Mandela Rules. Many Algerians legally entered Tunisia without visas claiming to be tourists and then stayed as workers. A tripartite social pact among business, government, and the official union established the national minimum wage of DZD 18,000 ($153) per month in 2012. Few businesses abided by the law requiring that they reserve 1 percent of jobs for persons with disabilities. Arrested individuals reported that authorities held them for four to eight hours before releasing them without charges. Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. The government issued licenses and subsidies to domestic associations, especially youth, medical, and neighborhood associations. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 633,500 bbl/day (2018 est. The Ministry of Justice did not provide information on the percentage of defamation claims that originated from private citizens, as opposed to government officials. Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. Ouled-Djellal arrondissement from Aumale department merged with Barika arrondissement of Stif department to become Barika The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. )hydroelectricity: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. NGOs reported that the government threatened hotel and restaurant owners with penalties if they rented rooms to NGOs without official authorization. According to human rights activists, citizens widely believed the government conducted frequent electronic surveillance of a range of citizens, including political opponents, journalists, human rights groups, and suspected terrorists. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The Wassila Network noted this number is a fraction of actual cases since victims of domestic violence rarely report the abuse to authorities because of the forgiveness clause stipulated in the legal code. Durable Solutions: The government did not accept refugees from foreign countries for resettlement. Arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision ) 89 companies did not accept refugees from countries. Women under 18 may not exceed four months the accused and the victim attend. May not exceed four months Algeria 's economy remains dominated by the state, a of. 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